Direct and adjoint global stability analysis of turbulent transonic flows over a NACA0012 profile

In this work, various turbulent solutions of the two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional compressible Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations are analyzed using global stability theory. This analysis is motivated by the onset of flow unsteadiness (Hopf bifurcation) for transonic buffet conditions where moderately high Reynolds numbers and compressible effects must be considered. The buffet phenomenon involves a complex interaction between the separated flow and a shock wave. The efficient numerical methodology presented in this paper predicts the critical parameters, namely, the angle of attack and Mach and Reynolds numbers beyond which the onset of flow unsteadiness appears. The geometry, a NACA0012 profile, and flow parameters selected reproduce situations of practical interest for aeronautical applications. The numerical computation is performed in three steps. First, a steady baseflow solution is obtained; second, the Jacobian matrix for the RANS equations based on a finite volume discretization is computed; and finally, the generalized eigenvalue problem is derived when the baseflow is linearly perturbed. The methodology is validated predicting the 2D Hopf bifurcation for a circular cylinder under laminar flow condition. This benchmark shows good agreement with the previous published computations and experimental data. In the transonic buffet case, the baseflow is computed using the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model and represents a mean flow where the high frequency content and length scales of the order of the shear‐layer thickness have been averaged. The lower frequency content is assumed to be decoupled from the high frequencies, thus allowing a stability analysis to be performed on the low frequency range. In addition, results of the corresponding adjoint problem and the sensitivity map are provided for the first time for the buffet problem. Finally, an extruded three‐dimensional geometry of the NACA0012 airfoil, where all velocity components are considered, was also analyzed as a Triglobal stability case, and the outcoming results were compared to the previous 2D limited model, confirming that the buffet onset is well detected. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanoparticles by Solution Polymerization

In this study, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles were prepared by solution polymerization. Two synthesis routes are proposed to synthesize the particles, the monomer route and the polymer/monomer route. For the monomer route, pH and thermal sensitive nanoparticles were synthesized from acrylic acid and N-isopropylacrylamide. For the polymer/monomer route, the pH sensitive nanoparticles were synthesized from chitosan and acrylic acid. The effect of reaction time, initiator concentration and agitation rate on the particle size and the size distribution were investigated. The stimuli-responsive nanoparticles could be directly blended with other polymers to prepare stimuli-responsive functional membranes.     

The Copolymerization of Alkenes with Maleic Anhydride

The investigations presented deal with the experimental results of the copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MAn) with alkenes. The course of the reaction is explained by the overall rate of the copolymerization (v _Br), which correlates with the solution viscosity of the copolymer, and the dependence of the v _Br maximum on the mole ratio of the monomers at constant total monomer concentration. The use of solvents with increasing donor power leads to increased complexing of the free MAn molecules and of the MAn radical chain ends. The results demonstrate that, for low 1-alkenes, the addition of the MAn chain radical is the rate-determining step of the copolymerization. As the substituents on the olefinic double bond become larger or the double bond shifts to the 1,2-position, the addition of MAn to the hydrocarbon radical becomes more and more the rate-determining step. On the other hand, an increase of the CT complexation of the MAn polymer radical by use of donor solvents decreases the alkene addition rate.     

基于3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪的两种高氮含能离子盐

本文通过3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DHT)分别与高氯酸和硝酸反应得到2种高氮含能离子盐,并通过X-射线单晶衍射技术对它们的结构进行了表征。(DHT)(NO₃)₂(1)属于单斜晶系,C2/c空间群,晶胞参数:a=1.3000(6)nm,b=0.8349(3)nm,c=1.0187(5)nm,β=118.89(5)°,Z=4;(DHT)(ClO₄)₂(2)属于正交晶系,P2₁2₁2空间群,晶胞参数:a=0.9804(4)nm,b=1.0747(4)nm,c=0.5325(2)nm,Z=2。采用DSC和TG-DTG技术研究了这两种含能离子盐的热分解机理,并对这两种含能离子盐的非等温动力学、爆热及感度进行了测试分析。研究表明这两种含能离子盐在敏感型含能材料领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

基于3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪的两种高氮含能离子盐

本文通过3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DHT)分别与高氯酸和硝酸反应得到2种高氮含能离子盐,并通过X-射线单晶衍射技术对它们的结构进行了表征。(DHT)(NO₃)₂(1)属于单斜晶系,C2/c空间群,晶胞参数：a=1.300 0(6) nm,b=0.834 9(3) nm,c=1.018 7(5) nm,β=118.89(5)°,Z=4;(DHT)(ClO₄)₂(2)属于正交晶系,P2₁2₁2空间群,晶胞参数：a=0.980 4(4) nm,b=1.074 7(4) nm,c=0.532 5(2) nm,Z=2。采用DSC和TG-DTG技术研究了这两种含能离子盐的热分解机理,并对这两种含能离子盐的非等温动力学、爆热及感度进行了测试分析。研究表明这两种含能离子盐在敏感型含能材料领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

The use of a polymer inclusion membrane in a paper-based sensor for the selective determination of Cu(II)

A disposable paper-based sensor (PBS) is described for the determination of Cu(II) in natural and waste waters at approximately 2 cents per measurement. The device makes use of a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) to provide the selectivity for Cu(II). The PIM consists of 40 wt% di(2-ethlyhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as the carrier, 10 wt% dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as a plasticizer, 49.5 wt% poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the base polymer and 0.5 wt% (m m⁻¹) 1-(2′-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as the colourimetric reagent. High selectivity under mildly acidic conditions (HCl, pH 2.0) is achieved for Cu(II) in the presence of frequently encountered metal ions in natural and waste waters such as Fe(III), Al(III), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), and Ni(II).     

Optimization of chemical and instrumental parameters in hydride generation laser-induced breakdown spectrometry for the determination of arsenic,antimony, lead and germanium in aqueous samples

A laser induced breakdown spectrometry hyphenated with on-line continuous flow hydride generation sample introduction system, HG-LIBS, has been used for the determination of arsenic, antimony, lead and germanium in aqueous environments. Optimum chemical and instrumental parameters governing chemical hydride generation, laser plasma formation and detection were investigated for each element under argon and nitrogen atmosphere. Arsenic, antimony and germanium have presented strong enhancement in signal strength under argon atmosphere while lead has shown no sensitivity to ambient gas type. Detection limits of 1.1 mg L⁻¹, 1.0 mg L⁻¹, 1.3 mg L⁻¹ and 0.2 mg L⁻¹ were obtained for As, Sb, Pb and Ge, respectively. Up to 77 times enhancement in detection limit of Pb were obtained, compared to the result obtained from the direct analysis of liquids by LIBS. Applicability of the technique to real water samples was tested through spiking experiments and recoveries higher than 80% were obtained. Results demonstrate that, HG-LIBS approach is suitable for quantitative analysis of toxic elements and sufficiently fast for real time continuous monitoring in aqueous environments.     

Preparation,Crystal Structure,and Thermal Decomposition of the Intriguing Five‐coordinated Compound [Cu(IMI)4Cl]Cl (IMI = Imidazole)

The intriguing multi‐ligand compound [Cu(IMI)₄Cl]Cl ( 1 ) with the ligand imidazole (IMI) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The crystal structure was determined by X‐ray single crystal diffraction and the crystallographic data showed that the compound belongs to the monoclinic P2₁/n space group [α = 8.847(2) Å, b = 13.210(3) Å, c = 13.870(3) Å, and β = 90.164(3)°]. Furthermore, the Cu^II ion is five‐coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from four imidazole ligands and a chlorine atom. The thermal decomposition mechanism was determined based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG‐DTG) analysis. The non‐isothermal kinetics parameters were calculated by the Kissinger's method and Ozawa's method, respectively. The energy of combustion, enthalpy of formation, critical temperature of thermal explosion, entropy of activation (ΔS^≠), enthalpy of activation (ΔH^≠), and free energy of activation (ΔG^≠) were measured and calculated.     

纳米金标记抗体增强SPR检测大肠杆菌O157∶H7

将金纳米粒子(AuNPs)标记的大肠杆菌O157∶H7(E.coli O157∶H7)的多克隆抗体(PAb)作为二抗,采用氨基偶联法将PAb固定在传感器表面作为一抗,通过三明治方法用双通道表面等离子体子共振(SPR)传感器对E.coli O157∶H7进行检测,并与SPR直接法检测进行了比较.结果表明,直接法的检出限为103cfu/mL,线性范围为103～109cfu/mL;AuNPs增强三明治法的检出限为10 cfu/mL,线性范围为10～1010cfu/mL,灵敏度比直接法提高了100倍,且具有更宽的检测范围.本方法不仅检测时间短,而且具有良好的选择性和重现性.